Detection of Malignant Tumour in Mammography Images Using Artificial Neural Networks with Fuzzy Rules

Breast cancer is a collection of cancer cells that starts in the breast cells and it expands from tissue of breast. Now a day Mammogram is one technique to detect the breast cancer earlyusing x-ray image of breast and it is used to reduce the deaths of breast cancer. This breast cancer disease is curable if discovered starting stage. This paper studies different methods utilized for the detection of breast cancer using mammogram classification. In this paper, the feature extraction and classification of mammogram image can be done by the artificial neural networks. Different kinds of feature extraction from mammogram image to detecting the bread cancer contains shape, position and surface features etc., this image feature extraction is significant in classification of image. By utilizing the image processing these image features are extracted. Image segmentation is performed for feature extraction of mammogram image, in this process image is partitioned into multiple segments, therefore when change the image representation into something that is more significant and simple to examine. Here the fuzzy rules are introduced to process the related data from cases of breast cancer in mammogram image in order to give the risk diagnosis of breast cancer. The preprocessing method is used to sustain an effectiveness of image by correct and adjusting the mammogram image and also it is used to improve the image quality and create it ready for additional working by reducing the unrelated noise to provide new brightness value in output image it is called as filtration and unwanted parts of background of mammogram image is eliminated. Some techniques are discussed for mammogram image classification to earlier detection of breast cancer

Impact of photoperiod on circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori

Circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms were studied in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12 hr light-dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD). The rhythmic changes were interpreted as synthetic cycles in gut wall and release cycles in gut lumen. The trehalose rhythm of gut wall comprised 8 trehalose synthetic cycles (TS cycles) under LD and LL and 7 under DD. The 24 hr trehalose rhythm of LD and LL was clock shifted to 27.2 hr under DD. The trehalose rhythm included 4 TR cycles under LD, 5 under LL and DD in the gut lumen and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and DD. In the gut wall trehalase rhythm maintained 8 trehalase enzyme synthetic cycles (TES cycles) under LD, 10 LL and 7 under DD and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and 27.2 hr under DD. In the gut lumen it included 4 TER cycles under LD and DD, 5 under LL and its 24-hr rhythm was advanced to 19.2 hr. Further analysis of data showed that LD favours trehalose synthesis, while LL and DD favour trehalase synthesis

Energetics of pupal-adult metamorphosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori : An analysis of transdeamination parameters in the fat body and haemolymph

Transdeamination seems to be an important alternative energy-intensive gluconeogenesis mechanism that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources during pupal-adult metamorphosis in Bombyx mori. Studies on four transdeamination parameters, viz., free amino acids (FAA), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the fat body and haemolymph of silkworm have indicated that transdeamination shows stage-specific, region-specific and sex-specific variations during metamorphosis. Region-specific growth trends indicate that the transamination reaction, mediated by AAT and AlAT is faster in the abdominal fat body (AFB) and relatively slower in the thoracic fat body (TFB) with concomitant lower FAA levels in the former and higher levels in the latter. Stage-specific growth trends reflect that the energy mobilization through transdeamination assumes greater significance in the early pupal, late pupal and adult stages rather than the mid-pupal stage. Sex-wise trends in FAA levels indicate that the rate of amino acid utilization is significantly faster in females compared to that in males. Further, the growth trends in the levels of GDH vis-à-vis aminotransferases signify that the energy demands of male sex expressions are met largely through enhanced levels of GDH and that the alpha ketoglutarate generated in transamination reaction is used as a substrate for sperm production, sperm motility and successful mating that stimulates fecundity and productivity of in the mulberry silkworm. The study clearly demonstrates that gluconeogenesis through transdeamination supplements the energy requirements of silkworm metamorphosis and that it is facilitated by disintegrating tissues predominantly from the pupal abdominal segments

DETECTION OF MALIGNANT TUMOUR IN MAMMOGRAPHY IMAGES USING ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING SEGMENTATION

The group of cancer cells that initiate from the breast cells and it expands from tissue of breast and leads to breast cancer. To identify the breast cancer Mammogram is one of the efficient techniques used now days in earlier using x-ray images of breast and this will reduce the death ratio of breast cancer patients. A new approach is implemented to detect the breast cancer of women by its image and it is discussed in this paper. Initially, pre-processing is applied which converts the original image into gray scale and adaptive clustering segmentation is implemented. Based on segmented image feature is extracted and compared with normal patient image. Normal patient parameters are taken and considered as threshold value and processed patient value is compared to identify the abnormal patient. Hence the accuracy of proposed approach is measured by the factors like Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy. Hence it shows that proposed works obtains better detection of cancer when compared to other existing methods.Â

Analytical study of radiative casson nanoliquid flow with heat absorption

The divergence of thermally radiative MHD flow of a Casson nanofluid over a stretching paper alongside heat absorption. The governing non linear equations are remodeled into a nonlinear ODE’s. The HAM is adopted to find the series solution. The changes of pertinent parameters are analyzed with diagrams and tables. The fluid velocity is controlled by suction and it develops with injection. The local Nusselt number rapidly suppresses with increasing the magnetic field parameter in heat generation case

Impact of photoperiod on circadian sucrose and sucrase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori.

The impact of photoperiod on circadian sucrose and sucrase rhythms were analyzed in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12 hr light-dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD). The rhythmic changes were interpreted as synthetic cycles in gut wall and release or uptake cycles in gut lumen. The gut wall comprised 6 sucrose synthetic cycles (SS cycles) under LD, LL and 5 under DD. The 24 hr rhythm of LD and LL was clock shifted to 28.8 hr under DD. In gut content, the sucrose rhythm showed 7 sucrose uptake cycles (SUcycles) under LD, 6 under LL and 5 under DD and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 28.0 hr under LL and 34 hr under DD. In the gut wall sucrase rhythm maintained 7 SES cycles under LD and DD and 9 cycles under LL and its 24-hr rhythm is advanced to 18.2 hr. In the gut lumen 5 SER cycles under LD, 8 under LL and 6 under DD and its rhythm is advanced to 15 hr under LL and 20 hr under DD. Further analysis of data showed that LD favoured both synthesis and uptake of sucrose while LL, favoured the sucrase synthesis and its release

Psychiatric Morbidity and Coping Strategies among Spouses of Alcohol Dependent Men

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence has adverse health and social consequences. Alcohol related problems primarily occur within the family context and maximum impact is felt on spouses, given the intimate nature of their relationship. Spouses play an important role in treatment programs related to alcohol. There is thus a need to study psychiatric morbidity and coping strategies in spouses of alcohol dependent patients in order to understand and address such issues. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of psychiatric morbidity, coping strategies in spouses of men with alcohol dependence syndrome and to compare them with controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For psychiatric morbidity, 30 spouses of men with alcohol dependence syndrome were compared with 60 controls using MINI Questionnaire. Psychological distress was assessed using General Health Questionnaire. Coping strategies was assessed using the Coping Strategies Inventory. Severity of alcohol dependence in the husbands and consequences of drinking was assessed using Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire and Drinkers Inventory of Consequences respectively. RESULTS: 33.3% of spouses had a psychiatric disorder. Primarily mood and anxiety disorder were present. 13.3% had Major Depressive Disorder, 10% had Dysthymia, 6.7% had Generalized Anxiety Disorder and 6.7% had Suicidality. Problem Focused Engagement and Emotion Focused Engagement were the main coping mechanisms adopted. Increasing severity of alcohol dependence or consequences in any specific domain of alcohol dependence were not significantly associated with any psychiatric disorder and did not change the coping method adopted. CONCLUSION: Psychological distress and psychiatric morbidity in spouses of alcohol dependent men is high. Addressing these issues will be beneficial as spouses are known to play an important role in the treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome

Lie Group Analysis of Natural Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in an Inclined Surface

Natural convection heat transfer fluid flow past an inclined semiinfinite surface in the presence of solute concentration is investigated by Lie group analysis. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by the translation and scaling symmetries. An exact solution is obtained for translation symmetry and numerical solutions for scaling symmetry. It is found that the velocity increases and temperature and concentration of the fluid decrease with an increase in the thermal and solutal Grashof numbers. The velocity and concentration of the fluid decrease and temperature increases with increase in the Schmidt number

Assess the Levels of Dependence And Severity of Psychiatric Illness Among Adolescent Boys Addicted to Marijuna

Marijuana refers to the dry leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from cannabis sativa or cannabis India plant; it is a psychoactive sedative drug. Adolescent age group is more likely to use cannabis in the form of Marijuana and experience many psychiatric illness problems from use. A recent survey from partnership at drug free shows that about 10% of teens smoke cannabis at least 20 times each month. The main objective of the study is to assess the dependency and associated psychiatric illness among adolescent people at selected area. The sampling sizes of 100 were recruited in purposive sampling technique; descriptive study was used along with structured MEEQ questionnaires. In study results shows that level of dependency were 46% adolescents are short term dependent to marijuana, 36% are moderate level of dependent to marijuana, and 23% adolescents are long term dependent to marijuana. There is a significant association between the level of dependency state of marijuana and the psychiatric illness such as visual hallucination, auditory hallucination, improved memory and learning ability at (p<0.05)